Runic alphabet,

Interrogated and counterbalance course of action, for example, patchy c police forceren keep o draw up b instead of d, and may more or lesstimes conf engagework forcet p, q, and g. T all(prenominal)ers see these faultings tout ensemble the time, and in stages work to help baby birds fix them. apparentlyly as a caring p argonnt, should you anxiety? The stakes ar spirited. DO these atrial auriclen problems sign of the zodiacal somewhatthing deeper, much(prenominal) sidesaddle? To potpourri out the hype, we turned to twain pros Linda Selves, decision maker Director of the New York branch of the global Dyslexia Association, and Eileen Marjoram, PhD. A past Board chair of that organization, a professor of special education, and a teacher and tutor in snobbish pract shabu with dyslexic children for much than xxx years. Heres what they take a leak to say when it comes to three parklands fears virtu entirelyy Wesleyan, and identifying it in sortingergarten an d first grade children Myth Youll k without delay its dyslexia when a kid flips earn or misspells a lot. incident duration some dyslexic mickle may do this, its not the master(prenominal) problem Dyslexia, explains Selves, is a neurologic everyy based nurture dis top executive in which multitude extradite clog associating sounds with letters. Lots of kids who save up b for d, or repeal some early(a)wise letters, argon meet ma baron rookie mistakes whats more(prenominal) serious is when they ratnot hear the b in bear, and think, instead, that it may be a d or p. Backwards letters further re not beat for worry, check to the experts. In kindergarten, explains Marjoram, dyslexic kids will eat trouble in several related aras. Taken together, these Signs indicate that a child is not making the all- all-important(prenominal) data link between letters, sounds, and word meaning. Instead of deplorable yourself sick close to re rimed letters, l would look get along , says Marjoram.If by the end of a full year of good tuition in kindergarten, a child cant do all or remnantly of the following, therefore its time to be concerned slow name all the letters of the alphabet, with closely sounds detect rhyming terminology ear initial sounds, like the c in cat. Identify basic sight speech communication like is or the recognize environmental print like the word forbear on a roadside sign Myth 2 You cant really appoint dyslexia until a kid is s steady or eight. Fact Kindergarten is not too wee to evaluate a child. In fact, says Selves, aboriginal intervention is key.The eternal you wait, the more the problem g course of studys. Children quickly realize when something is wrong. Its all too easy for them to conclude, l cant involve so I must be really dumb, Selves says. If your kindergarten does display or so of the signs above, both Selves and Marjoram emphasize that you should explore an paygrade with a adapted specialist, either by your school or through breaka modality experts much(prenominal) as those certified by the International Dyslexia Association. Dont let your school induce you to wait. Early intervention makes a long difference. Http// c mm/ magazine nee/article/ Kinder Stories, Poems, and Literature from the Viking Age thirteenth century Icelandic homophileuscript Our fellow transmit of the Viking flock comes from several sources. One precious source is the literature from the flowing. Scandinavian nation loved stories, and some of the stories and songs they themselves wrote, and that their ascendants wrote still survive. Stories about the Scandinavian were also keep by their contemporaries, including both their trading sliceners (such as the Arabs) and the victims of their raids (such as the Christian clerics who kept the historical records in europium).This section describes write records the Viking-age people leavefield behind. Language The Norse spoke gaga Norse, which t hey called imbibes tuna (the Danish tongue). With minor variations, this lyric was intercommunicate throughout the Norse lands during the Viking period. gaga Norse is star of ten branches that healthy community up the Indo-European family of voice communications which capture been talk throughout Europe and southern Asia for the stomach 3000 years. Old Norse is the root language from which the ultramodern Scandinavian languages descended, and is a close relative of modern English, Dutch, and German.During the period from 550050 AD, rapid linguistic changes occurred, which separated the Norse from other Germanic people on the European continent to the south and west. During the Viking age, language was no barrier to communication across the Norse lands from Greenland to the Baltic, nearly the same language was spoken throughout. However, there is try that, despite the putting surface language, a mans plateland could be regularize by his speech. whatsoever scholars to day would go further and say that by the start of the Norse era, significant differences al sayy existed between eastside Norse (Sweden and Denmark) and West Norse (Norway and the Atlantic busheltlements such as Iceland) dialects. Writing and Runes The footwork runic alphabet (so called for the sounds of the first six letters in the runic row) was in vast character throughout Yankee Europe from roughly the 3rd to the twelfth century. At first, 24 letters were utilize, single if in the 9th century, he footwork alphabet was simplified to 16 letters, beginning in Denmark, wherefore chop-chop spreading throughout the region. galore(postnominal) variations of the footwork runic letter row were employ adept of the Danish variants is projectn above. In the same way that a modern reader of English would recognize all these glyphs as settleing an upper case a Viking-age reader would recognize the many slipway a runic letter might be hold still fored. The runic letters cons ist of straight lines, typically in the give of a vertical (a fit) with throw branches (twigs). The lack of any curves makes the runes easy to mangle into wood, b champion, or perdition, which were the normal musical composition stuff and nonsenses mongo the Norse.Runes be put m onetime(a) graffiti-like into historical buildings and statuary not honorable in northern Europe, but all across the continent, clear showing the extent to which the Norse roamed all over Europe. The marble lion shown in the draw to the left is from outside Piraeus, near Athens, Greece, where some unknown Norse traveler carved runic graffiti into the shoulder of the beast. sagaciousness from the numeral of inscriptions found on stones in Nordic lands that were clearly intended to be seen and read, and from the egress of allday objects carve with runes, it is thinkable that such of the Norse population could read runes. galore(postnominal) of the inscriptions argon in the course of his tory stones, such as those illustrated below on this page. These stones are elevatedly public memorials. Theres solitary(prenominal) any reason to erect them if most of the population could not read them. Many everyday objects are found engrave with the owners name, or the makers name, or other messages. runic inscriptions contract been found ranging from trade and legal documents such as bills of sale, all the way to coarse lavatory scribbling. virtually runic inscriptions are clearly just for childs play a extricate was found inscribed l am a comb. close to inscriptions may engage been the equivalent of Post-It notes one wooden Ernestine from Bergen is inscribed Cathy says come hearthstone. Additional evidence of widespread literacy comes from the old Icelandic literature. In an episode from Importations (chi 34), it was not considered the to the lowest degree bit remarkable that a poor, unnamed Icelandic from the northern quartern was able to read the inscription on a buried treasure chest. In chapter 18 of nimble saga, Strikergs fetch HLempel left a rune cohere on the path where Vigorous and wipe were sure to find it as they rode to the ship that loud take them away from Iceland.On the contract were Strikergs words saying she cute to marry no other man but Vigilantly. There was no point that V(giggling would be able to read the message. rour challenged Klaus to a wrestling match via a message on a rune thole in chapter 12 of Savorsla saga. Interestingly, just two chapters later, Klaus and Gar(s found runes carved on a ship naming the skipper, which Klaus was ineffective to read. He demanded that Grim read them. wooden indite tablets provide additional evidence of the widespread use of runic theme among ordinary people.The tablet shown in the photos is a odder reproduction. The historic tablets are about 20-CACM high (about 8-12 in) and were filled with blackened uprise in spite of appearance their raised borders. A pointed iron p anache was used to write in the wax ( extend estimable). The reproduction stylus in the photos is set in an antler which allows a nice delay and which can be used to smooth out the wax and erase unwanted create verbally material (bottom just). The wooden surface of historical tablets from the Norse era bear marks where the stylus broke through the wax, and the marks show that the runic alphabet Was being used.These tablets are more comm merely found in rural areas, ether than in towns, declareing that flush remote farm d closelyers could read and write runes. On the other drop dead, objects view been found inscribed with runes which appear to be widen nonsense, or filled with errors. Perhaps it do perfect sense to the craftsman who do the object. Or perhaps, realizing that the object he just made postulate to decorated with runes, but not knowing the footwork, the artisan just made up something rune-like. The medium of picking for runic inscriptions was probably a st ick or scrap of wood, which explains why a couple of(prenominal) runic inscriptions are found today.Extraordinary conditions re essential for the preservation of these wood cast aside over the centuries since the Norse era. The runic composing shown to the right is one of a number of wooden merchants markers excavated in Bergen. It indicates the owners name, and was meant to be stuck in or tied to a megabucks of merchandise. It can be difficult to write down and translate runic literary productions. One hindrance is that there are more sounds in the language than there are runes to re infix them. Thus a undivided timber could represent one of several sounds.another(prenominal) difficulty is the variations in the versitile footwork alphabets that were in use ring the period. Further, archaic or other unknown words were used in runic inscriptions. Runes were frequently incorporated into the isomorphous designs (left) favored by the Norse. Additionally, every drift was ma de to reduce the space required to inscribe the message and the number of runes that needed to be carved. So, for example, if a rune repeated, only the first rune was carved and the number discarded. Generally, there were no breaks between words or between sentences. Runes could be create verbally left to right or right to left.The facing of the runes makes it clear which way to read. For inscriptions lifelong than one line, alternating lines were frequently create verbally in opposite directions, first leftwards, then rightwards. Sometimes, the lines bent around at the end, so that one line reads left to right and the next line right to left and upside down. The effect is shown with English text edition using roman letters letters to the right. Some rune stones (such as the Rk stone shown to the left) study text crammed onto every surface of the stone, with lines reading upwards, downwards, leftwards, and rightwards.Further, runes could be coded into other fancys, called s ibylline runes. The intent is not evermore clear. Perhaps it was meant to highlight a dowry of the text, or to show off the acquirement of the person carving the runes. And perhaps it was meant to shroud the meaning of the text to those who did not now how the runes were encoded. One example of cryptic runes are skipsnear (ship runes), where the twigs adorn the stem and coffin nail of the ship. The number of twigs in a encounter indicated two numbers. The rune was coded by these two numbers.The first represented a grumpy TTT (grouping of runes within the footwork), and the number indicated which rune in the grouping was meant. Shown to he right are two figures from a series of cryptic runes in an Icelandic manuscript. Portion of rune stone with several same-stave runes Same-stave rune with lose portion restored Same-stave rune separated into single runes Transcription into papistic letters Another example of cryptic runes is same-stave runes, in which all of the twigs bra nch from a single stave.The confused image to the left shows an example of this kind of runic inscription. The left image shows a small portion Of the Sender Kirby colliery in Denmark that uses same-stave runes for a portion of its message. The stave of interest in this example is the second room the left. The stone was damaged in this region, and a portion of this stave is missing. This part of the stone is shown in the second image, with a speculative reconstruction of the missing portion. The individualisticist runes are shown in the next column, and the arranging into the Roman alphabet in the last(a) column.The consummate(a) message is Orr vigil run, or Door hallow the runes. Another division of cryptic runes is visible at the top of the Rk stone, above left. With the glide path of Christianity, and its educated clergy reading and writing Latin, runes were displaced by the Roman alphabet (modified to it the needs of the various northern European languages), written with pen and ink on vellum. However, runes continued to be used for many centuries, since the materials for runic writing were always readily at hand everyone carried a knife, and a stick could be picked up from anywhere.The Viking-age people did not rail a written glossiness until the comer of the church. In the Viking age, runes were used for concise notes only. The Viking civilization was spontaneous, and long works were remembered using verse. Runes sure as shooting could have been used for longer messages in the same way as Roman characters, but hey were not. Perhaps the Norse people saw no need to economize long works in written seduce, even though everything was in place to do so. Only a single rune stone supporting a complete poem survives, although many stones contain individual verses.In chapter 78 of Sells saga, regular asked her father Gill to mollify a memorial poem, manifesting him she would carve the verses into a rune stick (rises kefir). Whether that was co mmon practice or not is conjectural. The Rk stone is an extraordinary rune stone over intravenous feeding measurings high (13 feet) and is covered on all basketball team sides with runic inscriptions. The mien (and the beginning of the inscription) is shown to the left, and the reverse is shown in the photo above left. Many of the rune stones, particularly later ones, are memorial stones, which scored the dead and may have served as declarations of inheritance.The purpose of the Rook stone is subject to debate, but may well be a memorial Stone, as well. Poetry Surviving poems show a wide range of topics and tones respectful and reverential boastful and proud witty and waggish threatening and defiant vile and obscene. However, scurrilous or satirical poems were prohibition eraned cause of the injury they caused to the subject and to his reputation. Poems, being a divine gift from ?in (the highest of the gods), were idea to have special power. Poems had the power to total ho nor on a worthy man and to remove honor from a wretch.A skillful poet could earn a worthy reward from a generous king, or save his head from an angry king, by creating a well composed poem. Poems praising a woman were banned, both because of the packaging and the assertable effect it might have on her reputation, but also because of thinkable spell binding effects the poem might have. (Surviving love memos suggest the ban was regularly ignored. ) On sense of hearing accepted kinds of verse line (for instance, poem implying that a man was womanish), a man was at autonomy to kill the person reciting the poem. The proscribed types of poesy are depict in the mediaeval Icelandic lowbrow Gargs (K 238).Norse verse line does not have the regular rhythm and end-rhyme that one conventionally associates with rime, but quite a uses alliteration and rough stress which falls on the most significant words in each line. Norse poetry can be divided into three classes, attending on take form and content. Rune poems were unremarkably inscribed on monuments and serve to approval an individual. They are truncated and usually have a candid meter and style. Decide poems describe the Norse gods and ancient Norse heroes and their exploits. Decide poetry also has relatively simple meter and style.The stories are exciting, packed with action, and frequently contain valuable object lessons. Little can be said about the education of nail down poetry, but it was probably in place and in use at the start of the Viking age. virtuous poems typically praise the deeds of notable people, and they were usually written during the lifetime of the person being raised. While some of the live classic poetry witnesss from the medieval period, many of the poems are believed to date from the Viking age. The Rk ironstone shown above on this page records one stanza of classic poetry and dates from the middle of the 9th century.The Israeli ironstone shown to the right is the only classic verse in the fill out drytakeTTT meter known to have been written down in the Viking age. It dates from roughly the year 1 000 and is located in Land in Sweden. While the decide poetry is uniformly anonymous, much of the surviving classic poetry is credited to a particular tote at a particular place and time. The classic poems have complicated meters, unappeasable patterns of alliteration, and ornate metaphorical language, with wordplay to delight the sophisticated listener. The poems usually celebrate the exploits of a particular king or leader.Since, in the Viking age, exaggeration was considered to be mockery, and since mockery was considered a lethal insult, these poems are fancy to be reliable testimony to the events, even though (in some cases) they werent committed to writing for centuries afterwards their composition. Unfortunately, the factual instruction in such poetry tends to be limited. Classic poetry uses a variety of circumlocutions, such as kennings. A kenning uses a say as a metaphor to represent an idea. The usual form is a noun, qualified by another noun in the possessive case case. For instance sweat of the sword is used to mean blood, or horse of the sea to mean ship.Some of the kennings can only be mute by someone with an lengthened knowledge of the culture and of the great stories. For example, erupt of the Rhine is used to mean luxurious but would probably be understood only by someone who is familiar with the Vlasagna saga in which the great specie treasure of the Vlulus NCAR ended up t the bottom of the river Rhine. Kenning can have multiple levels. For example, a poet might use a kenning for favourable, and then use that excogitate in place of the word gold in even another kenning, such as flame of the sea- steads path.Sea-steads (ship) path is water, so flame of the water refers to gold. Some kennings depend on hyperbole. Enemy of gold refers to a man who does not like gold and gives it away a generous man. Some kennings take the form of puns, such as using sky of the eel to represent ice in identifying someone as an Icelandic. The form of Norse poetry is complicated beyond the wordplay of the innings. The need to fit strict influences of alliteration and rhyming and rhythm solution in verses in which multiple ideas are being formed simultaneously. (This concept is illustrated on the classic stanza page. Because Icelandic is a extremely inflected language (word forms change depending on their usage in a sentence), its possible to jumble the word order yet retain the meaning of a sentence. Norse optic arts share this keeping (left). Exceedingly complicated forms are used all over a figure to create a single merged image. Its been suggested that this similarity between poetry and visual arts derives from the name underlying sensibility, some innate appreciation of the baroque form in Norse culture. Because of its complexity and wordplay, revere whether classic poetry could be unde rstood by a listener hearing a verse for the first time.There are examples in the stories that support this belief, such as chapter 18 fog(slab saga. Brids overheard a verse spoken by her brother, Gillis, in which he took credit for the killing of her husband, Programs. Not until she returned home did brd(s interpret the verse and under rack its meaning. I may be overstating my case. At least one scholar of classic otter has told me that he believes the verses were easily understood by a listener in the saga age. Additionally, in an vocal culture, it would be important to retreat poetry without error.Because of the complexities of Norse verse, a defect in a recalled verse would be directly apparent, since the rhyme, rhythm, or alliteration would no longer work. Any erroneous substitution would stand out. Thus, the complexity of the verse acted as a mnemonic aid to help recall the verse and to identify errors. This built-in error detection was one of the reasons that information c onveyed by poetry during the Viking age as public opinion to be more reliable than information in prose. The twelfth century authors who first wrote the histories and stories of Iceland viewed the words of poets to be more unconditional than other oral sources.Some modern scholars disagree, and they suggest that in oral form, even poetry is unlikely to prevail unchanged over long periods of time. Literature Many of the important poems were composed in the 9th through 12th century. These were part Of the oral tradition, and were kept alert by repetition as they were passed from one generation to another. Poetry was likely a major form of entertainment for the Norse. Poets were held in high regard, not only for their ability to improvise poetic entertainment on the spot, but also because they were the repository of the divided cultural experience.They were the vessel through which the culture was passed from generation to generation. Once committed to poetry, a imagination was e xpected to last as long as the land is live or as long as the Norse language is spoken. Story-telling was a popular entertainment wherever people gathered. FasterRA saga says in chapter 23 that origami Narrations told a story while posing on his chair in front of his booth at the Ping. People sat all around him, listening to his tale. When an unheralded downpour forced everyone to leave and seek shelter, Poorr took advantage of the probability and killed Door(Mr..Beginning in the 12th century, educated men in Iceland, where the oral tradition was strongest, began to write down the important stories. Iceland Was unique among European countries at this time in having a population comprised of a large number of relatively free, land- owning farmers. These men had the means to commitment the creation of books in their own language, rather than in Latin as was the rule throughout he rest of Europe. The oral story-telling tradition of the Islanders also favored writings in the vernacu lar.A wide variety of material was written down in the Icelandic language. One of the first books to be written in the northern lands was the Icelandic rightfulness codes, begun in the year 11 17. anterior to this time, the law codes were remembered and recited orally by the law speaker (logsGuamour) at the Piping. A short time later, a history of Iceland was written known as slanderingk (the allow of Islanders) by Air FRRI (the learned) around the year 1 130. Scholars wrote books describing how to use Roman letters to represent the sounds of the Icelandic language.The graduation Grammatical Treatise was followed by three others. The genealogy and history of Icelandic settlers were written down in LandMBAk (the throw of Settlement)s. European literature was translated into Icelandic, including stories of the lives of saints, and learned books on topics including astronomy, natural history, and geography. Travel books were written by Icelandic visitors to Europe. New stories wer e written to tape the exploits of kings or other great leaders. Some of these books were in the form f histories, such as Homemakings, a history of the kings of Norway.Others described contemporary events, such as the sagas of the lives of Icelandic bishops, untangling saga, a compilation of sagas describing the events in the turbulent times when the sons of Stuart brarson were changing the political embellish Of the Iceland. Islanders also wrote down the stories of their ancestors. These sleddingguru (Sagas of Islanders, also called family sagas) remain compelling and entertaining reading today. They are a unique and new form of story-telling unlike anything that preceded them. Most of these sagas are thought to have been composed between 1200 and 1400.These stories tell of the tales of farmers and chieftains living in Iceland from the 9th through the 12th century. Many of them follow families for generation after generation, from the settlement era to the commonwealth period in Icelands history. They are distinctive in that they tell heroic tales not about heroes, but about just plain folks the early Islanders. Although distorted by the time that separates the events depicted and the writing of the stories, the family sagas present one of the best pictures we have of Norse society. We know the names of only a very few of the writers of these works.It was not conventional to put the authors name on the manuscript. However, one author who can be set with some certainty is Snorer Sturgeon (1 179-1241). A twentieth century sculpture of Snorer by Vigilant is shown to the left. Snorer feared that the tradition of composing poetry to commemorate great men and great events was dying. For this, and other reasons, he wrote the Sonora dead, a four part textbook on writing classic poetry. The book summarizes Norse mythology (necessary for the poet to generalize the innings), teaches the language of poetry, and presents examples of the various verse forms.